Boemo ba Metsi
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Metsi ke bophelo. Bakeng sa dilemo tse ngata bophelo mona lefatsheng haesale bo ntse bo tshepetse metsing. Ha Neil Armstrong a ne a fihla kgweding ka 1969 o ile a hlalosa Polanete ya Lefatshe jwalo ka “lebenyane le bolou le kganyang le potolohang sepakapakeng”. Hantlentle, mmala o bolou ke metsi ao a leng teng sebakeng sena. 70% ya lefatshe e kwahetswe ke metsi empa palong ena, 97% ke metsi a letswai, e be 3% e setseng e ba metsi a foreshe. Ho 3% ena 1% e fumaneha bakeng sa bophelo lefatsheng, ha e setseng e le ka mokgwa wa leqhwa dintlheng tsa lefatshe (poles). Empa metsi ana a tswa hokae?
Metsi ao re nang le ona lefatsheng ke a kgale haholo. Metsi ao re a sebedisang ha jwale a ne a sebediswa ke di-dinosaur dimiliyone tsa dilemo tse fetileng. Hona ke hobane lefatshe le risaekela metsi a lona, ke hore, le sebedisa metsi a lona hape. Ho risaekela hona hwa metsi ho bitswa saekele ya metsi. Metsi a teng lefatsheng ka mokgwa wa marothodi mme a fumanwa mawatle, dinokeng, diphuleng, matamong, diphulung tsa ho sesa, mobung, jj. Motjheso o tswang letsatsing o baka hore a mang a marothodi ana a metsi a fetole sebopeho sa ona sa mokedikedi ho ya ho sa kgase, e bitswang phofudi. Hona ho bitswa moyafalo. Phofudi ya metsi e ya nyoloha ho ya moyeng. Jwalo ka ha phofudi e nyolohela moyeng e ya phola e be e fetoha ho tloha ho kgase e be mokedikedi, e kgutlele sebopehong sa marothodi. Hona ho bitswa kgwamo. Ha marothodi ana a le moyeng a kopana ho bopa maru. Ha marothodi a ba boima hore a ka dula moo moyeng a wela fatshe ka mokgwa wa pula, sefako, lehlwa, jj. Hona ho bitswa precipitation. A mang a marothodi ana a metsi a wela mawatle, a mang dinokeng, a mang diphuleng le matamong, ha a mang ona mobung moo a kenang mobung kapa a mathe ka hodima mobu kapa a phallele dinokeng, matsheng, matamong kapa mawatle. Metsi ha a tsebe meedi mme ha a ntse a phalla ka hodima lefatshe a sebediswa ke dimela, diphoofolo le batho bakeng sa ho phela. Marothodi ana a metsi a ka futhumatswa hape ke letsatsi e be saekele ena e ya ipheta hape.
Palo ya metsi lefatsheng ha e fetohe, mme e ke ke ya eketswa kapa ya fokotswa, empa ha e ajwe ka ho lekana lefatsheng lohle. Afrika Borwa e fumana dipula tsa selemo tse etsang dimililitara tse 492 ha sebaka se seng sa lefatshe sona se fumana dimililitara tse 985. Hona ho ka etsa halofo ya palohare ya lefatshe.
Karollohanyo ya ho na ha pula ka selemo mo Afrika Borwa
Ka hoo Afrika Borwa e nkuwa e le naha e nang le bothata ba metsi. Hape ho na le kabo e sa lekaneng ya pula Afrika Borwa yohle. Halofo e ka botjhabela ya naha e metsi haholo ho feta halofo e ka bophirima ka baka la mofuta wa maemo a lehodimo. Afrika Borwa hape e na le dinako tse tjhentjhanang tsa komello le dikgohola tse amang palo ya metsi naheng yohle. Hodima mona, maemo a tjhesang a komello a baka sekgahla se hodimo sa moyafalo. Ditsebi sa saense di noha hore ka ho futhumala ha lefatshe ka mokgwa o fetelletseng, Afrika Borwa e tla ba le dihla tse metsi haholo ka nako tsa dipula le tse ommeng haholo ka nako ya komello, hona ho ka baka keketseho ya dikgohola le komello.
Komello Dikgohola
Ha jwale ho na le palo e hodimo ya matamo mona Afrika Borwa yohle a bolokang metsi ana a bohlokwa. Hape ho na le dikema tsa ho transfera metsi tse ngata tse tsamaisang metsi ho tswa kgakeletsong e nngwe ka dipompo, dipeipi le dikanale ho ya kgakeletsong e nngwe hape. Gauteng e fepelwa ka metsi a tswang kgakeletsong ya Letamo la Vaal, le kenyelletsang Noka ya Vaal, Noka ya Wilge le diphula tsa tsona tsohle. Ho na le dikema tse pedi tsa ho transfera metsi tse fepelang kgakeletso ya Letamo la Vaal, e leng Lesotho Highlands Water Project, e fumanang metsi ho tswa dithabeng tsa Lesotho, le Thukela-Vaal Water Transfer Scheme, e fumanang metsi ho tswa Kwa-Zulu Natal e be e wa qhalla kgakeletsong ya Letamo la Vaal ha a hlokeha. Ka ho ya ka Lefapha la Ditaba tsa Metsi le Tikoloho, tseko ya metsi e tlilo feta phepelo e leng teng mona Gauteng ho ya selemong sa 2013, le Afrika Borwa yohle ho ya selemong sa 2025. Afrika Borwa e ke ke ya kgona ho haha matamo le dikema tsa ho transfera metsi tse ngata ka ha hona ho ja tjhelete e ngata haholo. Ka hoo metsi mona Afrika Borwa ke ntho e batlehang haholo, mme ha palo ya baahi e ntse e eketseha le ditlhoko tsa bona tsa ho phela, tseko eo ya metsi e ba ngata le ho fetisisa.
Tshebediso ya Metsi mona Afrika Borwa
Ho sebedisetsa Temo (ho kenyelletsa le ho nosetsa) | 60% |
Ho sebedisetsa Tikoloho | 18% |
Ho sebedisetsa Toropo le Lelapa | 11.5% |
MHo sebedisetsa Ho Rafa le Indasteri | 10.5% |
(Mohlodi: Nature Divided Land Degradation in South Africa, Ashwell, A & Hoffman, T, 2001)
Tshebediso ya Metsi Malapeng
Malapa a Kuno e Tlase | Malapa a Kuno e Mahareng ho ya ho e Hodimo | |
Matlwana | 73% | 37% |
Dibata le Dishawara | 19% | 32% |
Motjhini wa ho Hlatswa | NA | 17% |
Ho hong, mohlala, ho pheha, ho hlatswa dijana le diaparo, ho nwa, jj. | 8% | 14% |
Malapa a nang le Ditshimo
Ho lema Tshimo | 46% |
Ho hong | 54% |
(Mohlodi: Water – How is it used at home, HE Jacobs, LC Geustyn and BF Loubser, 2005)
Bothata bo bong bo kenang tsekong ena ke ba boleng ba metsi. Boleng ba metsi bo hlaloswa jwalo ka metsi a bolokehileng, a ka nowang a ipiletsang dipheding tsohle tse lefatsheng. Mona Afrika Borwa metsi a haellang hape a foreshe boleng ba ona bo ya bo ntse bo fokotseha ka baka la keketseho ya tshilafatso le ho sengwa ha dikgakeletso tsa dinoka, ho bakwang ke toropofatso, ho pongwa ha difate, ho etsa matamo dinokeng, tshenyo ya meqhafutso, indasteri, merafo, temo, tshebediso ya eneji le tshilafatso ya metsi ya sewelo. Jwalo ka ha palo ya batho e eketseha, ho na le keketseho ya tshilafatso le ho sengwa ha dikgakeletso.
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