Izinto Zama-Substance Ezibangela Ukungcola Kwemifula

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Ama-substance abangela ukungcola kwamanzi angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu – amagciwane namakhemikhali. Amagciwane yiziphili ezincanyana ezibangela izifo ezifana nemalariya, ikholera i-bilharzia kanye namakhemikhali angushevu, avamise ukukhishwa zimboni.

1. Amakhemikhali angushevu emanzini asemfuleni

Amakhemikhali emvelo atholakaka kuyo yonke indawo kwimvelo. Kuvamise ukuthi iningi lamakhemikhali akhishwa zimboni lapho zikhiqiza kungabi ngamakhemikhali atholakala kwimvelo noma atholakale ngenansi eliphansi kakhulu. Amaprosesi ezinhlobo ezehlukene ezimboni akhipha izinhlobo eziningi zama-product kanye nama-product kadoti (waste). Ngeshwa, izimboni eziningi zichithela udoti wazo ngokugqonde ngqo emifuleni noma zivumele ukuthi lowo doti uvuzele nokumunceka phansi emhlabathini. La makhemikhali angushevu (uphoyizeni) noma a-toxic kwizimila, izilwane kanye nabantu. Ezinye izibonelo yilezi:

Ama-Insecticide

Ama-insecticide ngamakhemikhali afafazwa kwizitshalo ukubulala izilwanyakazana ezidla izitshalo. Enye ya la ma-insecticides okunomsindo kakhulu ngawo yi-DDT. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-DDT kwizitshalo kwakusetshenziswa ukubululala omiyane (mosquito) ababangela imalariya eNingizimu Afrika. Izinga elithize (10 mg kwikhologramu eyodwa kg) ye-DDT ingabangeka uphoyizeni (ushevu) kubantu, ongaba nezimpawu ezilandelayo: ukuba nesiyezi, ukuhlanza kanye nokungqasha-ngqashisa umzimba. Kanti kwisilinganiso esiphansi, i-DDT ingaphatha kabi ukuthuthuka kwezingane kanti futhi kuthiwa ibangela nekhensa (umdlavuza). I-DDT isiyabhenwa (banned) eNingizimu Afrika. Elinye iqembu lama-insecticide okunomsindo ngalo ngama-organo-phosphates. La ma insecticide asetsetshenziswa esikhundleni se-DDT ngoba yona yabhenwa. Abanye osochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi lama insecticide abangele ukulimala okukhulu kwemvelo kune-DDT, kanye nokuthi a-toxic kakhulu kubantu kanye nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo.

Amanye ama-insecticide ayagezeka yimvula akhukhuleleke kwimifudlana kanye nokumunceka emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, lapho afike abe nguphoyizeni khona kwizinhlanzi kanye nezilwane zasekhaya. Ama-insecticide amaningi ahlala isikhathi eside emizimbeni yezilwane kanti futhi angagcina esenyameni, ezinhlanzini, kumaqanda nobisi esikudlayo. Amafruthi (izithelo) kanye namaveji (imifino) okufuthelwe ngama-insecticide nakho kuhlala nophoyizeni izinsuku eziningi ngemuva kokuba kufuthelwe, kanti kumele kugezwe kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba sikudle.

Buza imibuzo ngokusetshenziswa kwama-insecticide endaweni yakini. Qaphela izinhlanzi kanye nezinyoni ezithole uphoyizeni. Izinhlanzi ezizifelayo kanye nezinyoni kuyinkomba yokunngcoliswa kwamanzi ngamakhemikhali. Uma usolela ukuthi kunokungcoliswa komoya namanzi ngama-insecticide, xhumana nekhansela (umkhandlo) wangakini ngokushesha.

Izinsimbi Ezimunceka Emanzini

Izinsimbi ezifana ne-nickel, i-molybdenum, i-zinc, i-cadmium kanye nomthofu kwenziwa nokuproseswa zimayini noma izimboni ezincibilikisa i-ore, konke lokhu kwenzeka eGauteng. Zonke lezi zinsinjana ziwasheka zigeleze nemifudlana zingene ngaphansi komhlabathi. I-Copper nemercury ngenye yezinsinjana ezisindayo ezitholakala kuma-fungicides. Ama-fungicides nawo afuthelwa kwizitshalo kanti futhi angena kalula emifuleni. Lezi zinsinjana zi-toxic kwizinto eziphilayo ezibandakanya abantu, okumele baphuze amanzi emifula angcolisiwe. Izitshalo eziniselwe ngamanzi angcolisiwe nazo zingaba yingozi. Ngendlela efanayo ne-DDT, izinsinjana nazo izinga lazo lingakhula emizimbeni okubangela ama-symptom kaphoyizeni emizimbeni.

Esikhathini esedlule, ama-product kadoti we-toxic ayelahlelwa emifuleni noma kwizindawo okulahlelwa kuzo udoti eziseduzane nabantu, lokhu okubangele izinkinga zezempilo ngisho nokufa imbala Namuhla bonke abantu eNingizimu Afrika banamalungelo omthethosisekelo okuphila kwisimo semvelo esihlanzekile nesiphephile. Qinisekisa ukuthi unolwazi nokuqaphela ukuze uvimbele i-toxic yamakhemikhali ekusetshenzisweni kwisimo semvelo senu. Uma usolela ukuthi amanzi angcolisiwe endaweni yakini, xhumana nomkhandlu wendawo yakini.

Amaproduct Anenkinga

Siyazi sonke ngomonakalo obangelwa umngcoliso wokuchitheka ko-oyela kugu lwamalwandle. Kodwa noma kunjalo, ukungcola okukhulu kwe-oyela kwenzeka ngaphakathi emhlabeni. Uphetroli nedizeli kugcinwa kumathangi angaphansi komhlaba kumadepho epetroli. Uma la mathangi engagcinwa kahle, ayaklayeka lokhu okwenza ukuthi uphetroli uvuze. Abantu abaningi benza izinto budedengu lapho beshintsha u-oyela ezinjinini zezimoto. Abantu abaningi bachithela u-oyela phansi! U-oyela nophetroli kugezwa zimvula kugelezele emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. La manzi angaphansi komhlaba agcina enyukela phezulu kumanzi adonswa ngama-borehole kanye namaxhaphozi . Esikhathini esedlule, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ayethathwa ngokuthi ahlanzekile ngoba amakhemikhali namagciwane ayengekho, kodwa lokhu sekushintshile. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba aya ngokuya engcoliswa ngama-toxic substance, abandakanya ama-insecticide, ama-product epetroleum kanye nezinsinjana. INingizimu Afrika yizwe elomile, kanti ngoba inani labantu liya ngokukhula, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba aya ngokubaluleka kakhulu. Kumele sonke sisebenzele ukugcina lo mthombo uhlanzekile, sikwenzele ikusasa lapho sizobe siwudinga kakhulu.

Ama-Chlorine Kanye Nama-Detergent

Izindawo ezikhiqiza iphepha kanye ne-pulb kanye namafektri ezindwangu, ngezinye zezinto ezingcolisa kakhulu amanzi. Izigayo zephepha ne-pulp zisebenzisa umthamo omkhulu wamanzi kanti lokhu kubangela ukuthi kube namanzi amaningi angcolile (wastewater). Amanzi angcolile aqukethe amakhemikhali anjenge-chlorine, esetshenziswa ukwenza iphepha elimhlophe nelithambile. Amafektri ezindwangu nawo akhipha amakhemikhali anzima anjenge-caustic soda, ama-acid, udayi, kanye nama-detergent amunceka angene emanzini. La bophoyizeni abaqinile babangela ukuthi izinyoni nezinhlanzi zife ngokufanayo nophoyizeni bama-insecticide. La makhemikhali abuye abe nguphoyizeni nakubantu. Buza imibuzo ngokuthi izimboni zenzani endaweni yakini kanye nokuthi ziwakhipha kanjani amanzi angcolile (wastewater). Musa ukuphuza amanzi angezansi kwamafektri akhipha amanzi angcolile, ewakhiphela emfuleni.

Khumbula ukuthi ama-detergent (izinsipho zokuwasha) ozisebenzisa ekhaya nazo zinguphoyizeni, ngakho-ke sebenzisa ama-product a-biodegradable. Funda amalebuli kuma-product owathengayo, lokhu kuzokhombisa ukuthi ngabe i-product ayenzi yini umonakalo kwimvelo.

2. Ama-fertilizer namapayiphi akhucula indle (i-sewage)

Amanye amakhemikhali njengowo ama-fertiliser enziwe ngama-substance ezinto ezingezona ezemvelo, kodwa ngomthamo omncane. Uma ama-fertiliser amaningi egeleza esuka ezindaweni zamaplazi engena emifuleni, lawo manzi nawo ayangcola (polluted). Indle yabantu noma ubulongwe bezinkomo okungahlanzekiswanga nakho kubangela ukungcola kwimifula nendawo njengawo ama-fertiliser. Indle y abantu inamagciwane abangela izifo ezifana ne-hepatitis kanye nekholera. Izinsipho zokugeza kanye nama-detergent okuwasha impahla kuqukethe amakhemikhali emvelo kanye nawenziwe ngabantu (artificial). Amakhemikhali enziwe afana nebhlishi kanye ne-chlorine sikuchazile kwisigaba esedlule. Amakhemikhali emvelo angabangela inkinga yokungcola kwamanzi nomoya (pollution) njengokungcola okubangwa ngama-fertiliser.

Ama-phosphate nama-nitrate atholakala kuma-fertiliser, indle kanye nezinsipho. I-phosphorus iyi-element ebalulekile empilweni, njenge-nutrient yempilo yezimila kanye nanjenge-element ebalulekile kwinqubo ye-metabolism yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Izinga eliphansi ngokujwayelekile le-phosphate (PO₄) emanzini livimbela ukukhula kwezimila kodwa ukunyuka kwezinga le-phosphate kwenza ukuthi izitshalo zikhule ngokushesha kwizinto ezifana ne-algae eblu-eluhlaza (blue-green algae) kanye ne-hyacinth yamanzi, ikakhulukazi emadanyini. Izimila zamanzi ziba nezinto eziningi kakhulu ngokweqile ebese ziyafa. Lapho izimila zifa zibola, amabhaktheriya asebenzisa kakhulu i-oxygen abese lokhu kuphatha kabi ezinye izinhlobo zempilo emanzini, isibonelo, izinhlanzi ziphelelwa ngumoya ziklinyeke zife. Le prosesi ibizwa ngokuthi i-eutrophication, kanti izinga layo lingenyuswa ngokwenziwa ngabantu, isibonelo, udoti ophuma ezindlini (ikakhulukazi insipho emanzini), ama-fertiliser asemapulazini kanye nawotshani bezindlu, kanye nodoti ophuma kwizimboni kanye nokoniwa kwamaxhaphozi okwenzeka manje.

I-nitrogen njenge-ammonia (NH₃) kanye nama-nitrate (NO₃) abumba ingxenye yama-nutrient ezimila angabangela ekwenzekeni kwe-eutrophication. Ukunyuka kwe-nitrate okubangelwa ukuhlangana nendle kanye ne-fertiliser akukho kubi kangako ngoba kusuke kune-phosphate, ngoba ama-aquatic ecosystem awekho mabi kangako uma kuba nokungezeleka kwama-nitrate. I-Nitrogen ivamise ukuba ngendlela ekwazi ukusetshenziswa izimila (okusho igesi ye-nitrogen), kodwa ingasetshenziswa ekuboleni kwezimali zamanzi ezifile, kanye nayi-algae eblu-luhlaza (blue-green algae) engaguqula i-nitrogen esemoyeni ukuba yi-ammonia kanye ne-nitrate esetshenziswa zimila. Lokhu kuxhumana kwalezi zinto kukhombisa indlela ubudlelwane balezi zinto obuyisixaka-xaka ngakhona kwi-aquatic ecosystem. Indlela engcono yokuqeda lokhu kungcoliswa kwamanzi nomoya ukuvimbela indle yabantu, ubulongwe bezinkomo kanye nama-fertiliser ukuthi kungagelezeli emifuleni.

I-Algae eblu-luhlaza
I-algae eblu-luhlaza iyinto encanyana engabonwa ngamehlo ehlala emifuleni. Ikhiphela i-oxygen emanzini, ithathe ama-nutrient amamineral ebese yenza ama-substance angena ekudleni kwimvelo esemanzini. Ngokwenyuka kokungcola kwamanzi kubakhona ukwenyuka kwama-nutrient. Lokhu kubangela ukwenyuka kwe-algae eblu-luhlaza, ebizwa ngokuthi ama-algal bloom. Lama algal-bloom anomphumela omubi kumbala, ukunambitheka kanye nomnuko wemifula. Ukuhlangana komuntu nalama algal-bloom kubangela izifo ezifana ne-hayfever, ukuqubuka kwesikhumba, amehlo abuhlungu nalumayo, ukuhlanza nesifo emathunjini, uhudo, ifiva kanye nezinhlungu kumamaseli namajoyini omzimba.

3. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi (pollution) nezifo

Izifo eziningi emhlabeni zixhumene namanzi kanye nokuqondene nokuhlanzeka kwezindlu zangasese. Ukuqeda izifo, kumele kube nentuthuko maqondane nekhwalithi yamanzi abantu abawasebenzisayo. Imiphakathi eminingi yezindawo zasemakhaya eNingizimu Afrika ayinawo amanzi ezindlini, amathoyilethi agwedlwayo noma ama-latrine, kanti bavamise ukusebenzisa izindawo eziseduzane namanzi ukuzikhulula ngokubhosha kanye nokuchama. Ezindaweni eziningi lapho kukhona ama-latrine (amathoyilethi emigodi) avamise ukuba ngasenhle kwemifula lapho imiphakathi ekha khona amanzi. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi yindle kunyusa ingozi yokungenwa yizifo kulabo bantu abasebenzisa leyo mithombo yalawo manzi aseduzane nalapho kumuncekela khona indle. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ngenye yemithombo yamanzi nayo engangcoliseka yilawo manzi angahlanzekile. Izifo eziphathelene namanzi zingasabalala nangezinye izindlela, kanti lokhu kuthinta nemiphakathi yasemadolobheni, ngezinto ezifana nokulunywa yizinambuzane kanye nokungahlanzeki kahle.

Ngisho noma kukhona nezinye izifo, kodwa nazi ezivamile ezixhumene namanzi eNingizimu Afrika:

I-Bilharzia (Isichama-Gazi)

Lokhu kwenzeka, njengezifo eziningi, kwisayikile yama-parasite (kwizilwanyana eziphila kwezinye) kanye nokudlulela kwesinye isilwane ukusuka kwesinye. I-bilharzia yenzeka kuphela ezindaweni lapho izimo zilungele khona ukuthi yenzeke lapho ama-parasite ekwazi ukuthi angene khona ukuqedelela isayikile yawo yempilo kuyo. I-parasite endala yisibungu esihlala kwisinye (bladder) noma kumathumba omuntu (kumuntu endaweni ezihlezi kuyo). Zenza khona ucansi (mate) emzimbeni ebese kuthi amaqanda azo akhishwe umchamo kanye namakaka kumuntu esuke zihlezi kuye. Umuntu ongenwe ngama-parasite lapho ebhosha noma echama emanzini, amaqanda ayachamisela ebese ebhukuda ayophila kwenye into. Angene emzimbeni womnenke (okusho ukuthi lena yindawana ahlala kuyo okwesikhashana). Iminenke ithanda amanzi ahamba kancane lapho okukhona khona izimila eziningi. Lapha ama-parasite ashintsha umumo wawo, ebese ephila emanzini futhi. Lesi yisona sigaba lapha angena khona kubantu. Uma umuntu exhumana namanzi anama-parasite, i-parasite ingena esikhumbeni somuntu ihambe njalo emzimbeni womuntu ibange isifo. Ezinye izimpawu ze-Bilharzia: ukuqubuka okulumayo esikhumbeni, ikhanda elibuhlungu, isisu esibuhlungu, uhudo, isifo sesinye, ifiva, ukukhula kwesibindi kanye nokuvuvuka kwemisipha. ENingizimu Afrika, i-Bilharzia yande kakhulu kwiprovinsi (kwisiFundazwe) saseLimpopo, eMpumalanga kanye naKwaZulu-Natal.

I-Malariya (Uqhuqho)

ENingizimu Afrika imalariya ithathelwa phezulu kakhulu. Lesi sifo, esenzeka ngesayikili, sibangelwa yi-parasite edluliswa ngezinye zezinhlobo zomiyane besifazane (female mosquitoes). Omiyane besifazane badinga ukudla kwegazi ukuze bakwazi ukuba namandla anele kanye nama-nutrient ukuze bakwazi ukwenza amaqanda. Lapho umiyane eluma umuntu, ujova ngamathe kwimisipha yegazi ukuvimbela ukuthi igazi lingajiyi (clot). Uma umiyane ene-parasite yemalariya, i-parasite izophuma ematheni omiyane ingene egazini lomuntu. I-parasite ihamba ngegazi lomuntu ingene kuma-cell abomvu egazi Ama-cell abomvu egazi ayaqhuma akhiphele i-parasite emisipheni yegazini lapho emuncwa khona ngomunye umiyane. Omiyane bachamisela emanzini, ikakhulukazi emadanyini, kuma-pond, kumathangi amanzi, kumathaya ezimoto akudala, kanye nanoma yini enye enomgojana ongakwazi ukukhongozela amanzi, njengamathini. Indlela engcono yokuzivikela kuMalariya, ukuthi ungashiyi udoti uhlakazeke yonke indawo, kanye nokuvimbela ukulunywa ngomiyane ngokugqoka izinto ezinemikhono nemilendze emide kanye nangokusebenzisa isigcobiso esikhumbeni esibalekisa omiyane, ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Ezinye izimpawu ze-Malariya: ifiva, ikhanda elibuhlungu, uhudo, ukucanuzelelwa yinhliziyo, ubuhlungu bamajoyini namamasela, ukuqhaqhazela, ukujuluka kanye nokukhathala kakhulu. IMalariya isabalele kwiprovinsi (kwisiFundazwe) saseLimpopo, eMpumalanga, eNyakatho neKwaZulu–Natal ezingxenyeni ezithize zenyakatho Kapa.

Ikholera

Ikholera yisifo esibangelwa yibhaktheriya (i-Vibrio cholerae) esabalaliswa amanzi angcoliswe amakaka avela kumuntu ongenwe yiyo. Ibhaktheriya ikhipha i-toxin ebangela umathumbu amancane ukukhipha umthamo omkhulu woketshezi, lokhu okubangela ukuthi umuntu alahlekelwe amanzi emzimbeni, okwenzeka ngohudo noma ngokuhlanza. Abantu abangagezi izandla lapho bebuya ukuyosebenzisa ithoyilethi bangandisa nokusabalalisa isifo. Kanti ibuye isabalale nalapho kusetshenziswa indle (amakaka) abantu ukwenza i-fertiliser (izinonisi) zezitshalo ezidliwayo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ngisho noma umuntu engenazo izimpawu zesifo, kuyenzeka bebebenaso futhi besisabalalisa. Ikholera itholakala ezindaweni eziningi lapho khona kungekho khona kahle izindlu zangasese ezihlanzekile. Ezinye izimpawu zeKholera: uhudo nokuhlanza. Abantu abanesifo kumele baphuze kakhulu amanzi ahlanzekile ukuvimbela ukomelwa komzimba.

Izinto ezibalulekile ongazenza ukunciphisa amathuba engozi yokungenwa yisifo

Musa ukubhoshela noma ukuchamela eduzane nemithombo yamanzi;
Geza izandla ngensipho lapho namanzi lapho ubuya ethoyilethe;
Ungaphuzi amanzi ocabanga ukuthi awahlanzekile – abilise uma ungenasiqiniseko;
Geza onke amafruti (izithelo) kanye namaveji (imifino) ngaphambi kukuba uwadle, kanti futhi ungapheki ngamanzi angahlanzekile;
Ungashiyi izitsha ezingenalutho obala noma udoti kuyo yonke indawo ngoba izilwanyakazana nezinambuzane ezibangela izifo zizozalela kuzo;
Uma nisebenzisa izindlu zangasese zemigodi (pit latrines), qinisekisa ukuthi zikude nemithombo yamanzi asetshenziselwa ukuphuza kanye nokugeza. Umgodi kumele ungangeni lapho okungena khona amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.